Team:BV CAPS Kansas/Solutions

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<h1> Solutions </h1>
<h1> Solutions </h1>
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<p>Our project solutions</p>
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<p>Attempted solutions</p><br>
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Renewable energy is a growing industry. This industry is anticipated to supplement and, ultimately, replace non-renewable fuels. The United States Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 proclaimed a goal to produce 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel, with 16 billion being cellulosic ethanol, by the year 2022. This was the first major step in the advancement of biofuels.<br><br>
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There is a growing industry surrounding renewable fuel. This industry is anticipated to supplement and ultimately replace non-renewable fuels. However, biofuel production is still in its early stages and is nowhere close to achieving such an ambitious goal.<br><br>
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Biofuels are energy produced from renewable resources that have a balanced carbon dioxide emission-absorption trade-off. The optimal materials to make biofuels are plant biomass, vegetable oil, and especially municipal and industrial wastes. The major classifications of biofuel are biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is made by the emulsification of vegetable oils and other fats. Commonly, biodiesel is used to supplement petroleum-based fuel. The second class is biogas, which the decomposition of organic matter to create mixture of methane and carbon dioxide that is used to generate hot water and electricity. Finally, there is bioethanol. This is made by fermenting the sugars in corn or other agricultural residues. Bioethanol can be used in internal-combustion engines. <br><br>
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Currently, the biofuel in highest production is corn-based ethanol, or first generation biofuel, which only accounted for 2.7% of transportation fuel in 2010. Ethanol, however, is quite expensive to produce, very corrosive to combustion engines, and is not nearly as efficient as gasoline or diesel fuel. It is also not a viable long-term solution because it would require a huge percentage of the world's landmass would have to be covered in corn, which in turn could not be utilized as food. <br><br>
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Currently, the biofuel in highest production is corn-based ethanol, or first generation biofuel, which only accounted for 2.7% of transportation fuel in 2010. Ethanol, however, is quite expensive to produce and not nearly as efficient as gasoline or diesel fuel. Another concern is the use of land to produce corn for fuel, rather than food. <br><br>
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Second generation biofuels, those derived from lignocellulosic biomass, are the most abundant carbon fuel source. Unfortunately, they, like first generation fuels, require land, energy, and nutrient investment. A low cost, low input way to create renewable biofuel is still being sought after. <br><br>
+
Second generation biofuels, those derived from lignocellulosic biomass (dry plant matter), are the most abundant carbon fuel source. Unfortunately, they, like first generation fuels, require land, energy, and nutrient investment. A major barrier to production is the high energy required to extract trapped sugars during fermentation. Even then, there is a high percentage of pentoses (five carbon monosaccharides) that are even more difficult to ferment. A low cost, low input way to create renewable biofuel is still being sought after. <br><br>
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But there is hope for such a fuel source within third-generation biofuels: those produced by photosynthetic microbes, like cyanobacteria. To produce biofuel through this method, only sunlight and adequate growing conditions are needed. The microbes do not need much space or require nutrient input to create fuel. However, biofuel output through this method is relatively low. <br><br>
+
But there is hope for such a fuel source within third-generation biofuels: those produced by photosynthetic microbes, like cyanobacteria. To produce biofuel through this method, only sunlight and adequate growing conditions are needed. The microbes do not need much space or require nutrient input to create fuel. However, biofuel output through this method is relatively low, which sparked our interest. <br><br>
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Another thing to consider is the type of fuel to be replaced. The three petroelum fuels in greatest use are gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel. <br><br>
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<p>Our Solutions</p><br>
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Diesel fuel is used in compression engines. An alternative would need a comparable freezing temperature, vapor pressure, and cetane number, so something like  a fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols, alkanes, and linear/cyclic isoprenoids could be used. <br><br>
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Whether it is diesel fuel or gasoline, most of the energy comes from alkanes. A cell makes alkanes by the fatty-acid pathway. A main resource needed for the fatty-acid pathway, acetyl-CoA, is produced by glycolysis. We hypothesize that if we increase the resources required for the production of alkanes, then the cell will produce more alkanes. <br><br>
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Jet fuel, used in gas turbines, requires much more advanced biofuels to replace because it requires comparable net heat of combustion, low freezing temperature, and a high energy density. Only fatty-acid and isoprenoid-based biofuels show any potential to replace it. <br><br>
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By overexpressing the catalytic protein pyruvate kinase, we hope to increase pyruvate within the cell. This should allow for an increase in activity within the alkane fatty-acid pathway because of pyruvates conversion to acetyl-CoA. <br><br>
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Gasoline, the fuel used in combustion engines, could be replaced by something with comparable energy content, transportability, and octane number. This limits a replacement to short-chain alcohols and alkanes. <br><br>
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To increase the efficiency of the production of alkanes, we chose to use cyanobacteria for our chassis. This autotroph doesn’t require an expensive carbon fuel source; instead, it uses one of the world’s harmful surpluses – carbon dioxide. We are using <i>Synechocystis PCC 6803</i> and <i>Synechococcus PCC 6801</i>. <i>S. 6803</i> was the first photosynthetic organism to have its genome sequenced. As a model organism, it contains one chromosome, seven plasmids, and is both phototrophic and heterotrophic. <br><br>
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With the exception of jet fuel, alkanes seem to be a common denominator. That's where our project comes in. Within cyanobacteria is a fatty-acid pathway stemming from pyruvate at the end of glycolysis. This pathway ends with the production of an alkane. Alkane output is very insignificant currently, but our project hopes to change that. <br><br>
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Therefore, we plan to increase the production of alkanes by reducing the bottleneck of limited resources. By placing an overactive system in cyanobacteria, we will create more resources to create alkanes. We’ll used a broad-host range plasmid from Hawaii’s 2008 iGEM team (<a ref= “http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K125000”>BBa_K125000</a>) to be the back bone for our two highly active pyruvate genes. One is derived from rabbit muscle (<a ref= “http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K977000”>BBa_K977000</a>) and the other is a yeast mutant (<a ref= “http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K977001”>BBa_K977001</a>).
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By genetically modifying cyanobacteria to over-express pyruvate kinase, we hope to increase pyruvate production from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) within the cell. This should allow for an increase in activity within the alkane fatty-acid pathway. This increase in alkane production could significantly increase the viability of third-generation biofuels in the global market. <br><br>
 
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Revision as of 22:40, 20 June 2013

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Solutions

Attempted solutions


Renewable energy is a growing industry. This industry is anticipated to supplement and, ultimately, replace non-renewable fuels. The United States Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 proclaimed a goal to produce 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel, with 16 billion being cellulosic ethanol, by the year 2022. This was the first major step in the advancement of biofuels.

Biofuels are energy produced from renewable resources that have a balanced carbon dioxide emission-absorption trade-off. The optimal materials to make biofuels are plant biomass, vegetable oil, and especially municipal and industrial wastes. The major classifications of biofuel are biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. Biodiesel is made by the emulsification of vegetable oils and other fats. Commonly, biodiesel is used to supplement petroleum-based fuel. The second class is biogas, which the decomposition of organic matter to create mixture of methane and carbon dioxide that is used to generate hot water and electricity. Finally, there is bioethanol. This is made by fermenting the sugars in corn or other agricultural residues. Bioethanol can be used in internal-combustion engines.

Currently, the biofuel in highest production is corn-based ethanol, or first generation biofuel, which only accounted for 2.7% of transportation fuel in 2010. Ethanol, however, is quite expensive to produce and not nearly as efficient as gasoline or diesel fuel. Another concern is the use of land to produce corn for fuel, rather than food.

Second generation biofuels, those derived from lignocellulosic biomass (dry plant matter), are the most abundant carbon fuel source. Unfortunately, they, like first generation fuels, require land, energy, and nutrient investment. A major barrier to production is the high energy required to extract trapped sugars during fermentation. Even then, there is a high percentage of pentoses (five carbon monosaccharides) that are even more difficult to ferment. A low cost, low input way to create renewable biofuel is still being sought after.

But there is hope for such a fuel source within third-generation biofuels: those produced by photosynthetic microbes, like cyanobacteria. To produce biofuel through this method, only sunlight and adequate growing conditions are needed. The microbes do not need much space or require nutrient input to create fuel. However, biofuel output through this method is relatively low, which sparked our interest.

Our Solutions


Whether it is diesel fuel or gasoline, most of the energy comes from alkanes. A cell makes alkanes by the fatty-acid pathway. A main resource needed for the fatty-acid pathway, acetyl-CoA, is produced by glycolysis. We hypothesize that if we increase the resources required for the production of alkanes, then the cell will produce more alkanes.

By overexpressing the catalytic protein pyruvate kinase, we hope to increase pyruvate within the cell. This should allow for an increase in activity within the alkane fatty-acid pathway because of pyruvates conversion to acetyl-CoA.

To increase the efficiency of the production of alkanes, we chose to use cyanobacteria for our chassis. This autotroph doesn’t require an expensive carbon fuel source; instead, it uses one of the world’s harmful surpluses – carbon dioxide. We are using Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Synechococcus PCC 6801. S. 6803 was the first photosynthetic organism to have its genome sequenced. As a model organism, it contains one chromosome, seven plasmids, and is both phototrophic and heterotrophic.

Therefore, we plan to increase the production of alkanes by reducing the bottleneck of limited resources. By placing an overactive system in cyanobacteria, we will create more resources to create alkanes. We’ll used a broad-host range plasmid from Hawaii’s 2008 iGEM team (BBa_K125000) to be the back bone for our two highly active pyruvate genes. One is derived from rabbit muscle (BBa_K977000) and the other is a yeast mutant (BBa_K977001).

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